Experimental and theoretical investigations on the modulation capabilities of a sample of vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes for atomic vapour applications

Christoph Amtmann; Roland Lammegger; Alexander Betzler; Martín Agú; Michaela Ellmeier; Christian Hagen; Irmgard Jernej; Werner Magnes; Andreas Pollinger; Wolfgang E. Ernst

doi:10.1007/s00340-023-07971-7

Experimental and theoretical investigations on the modulation capabilities of a sample of vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes for atomic vapour applications

Christoph Amtmann^*
, Roland Lammegger
, Alexander Betzler
, Martín Agú
, Michaela Ellmeier
, Christian Hagen
, Irmgard Jernej
, Werner Magnes
, Andreas Pollinger
, Wolfgang E. Ernst

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

This paper discusses various frequency modulation and intensity modulation capabilities within a sample of direct laser current modulated identical vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes. The presented analysis is based on measurements of the spectral amplitudes as a function of the applied modulation power at a constant modulation frequency of 3.517 GHz. Their evaluation by Bessel function fits produces the three modulation parameters: frequency modulation index, intensity modulation index (via the α parameter) and the side band asymmetry of the first order side bands. The variation of the laser diode’s modulation capability is discussed. It is found that the individual laser diodes show a significant variations in their modulation capabilities. Thus an experimental preselection of the laser diode is required to find laser diodes which are suitable as a light source for atomic vapour applications, with special emphasis on a coherent population trapping-based scalar magnetometers.

Original language	English
Article number	31
Journal	Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics
Volume	129
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-023-07971-7
Publication status	Published - Feb 2023

Keywords

Atomic vapour
Direct laser current modulation
Frequency modulation
Intensity modulation
VCSEL
Vertical cavity surface emitting laser

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)
General Physics and Astronomy

Fields of Expertise

Advanced Materials Science

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10.1007/s00340-023-07971-7Licence: CC BY 4.0

s00340-023-07971-7Final published version, 1.44 MBLicence: CC BY 4.0

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Amtmann, C., Lammegger, R., Betzler, A., Agú, M., Ellmeier, M., Hagen, C., Jernej, I., Magnes, W., Pollinger, A., & Ernst, W. E. (2023). Experimental and theoretical investigations on the modulation capabilities of a sample of vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes for atomic vapour applications. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, 129(2), Article 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-023-07971-7

Experimental and theoretical investigations on the modulation capabilities of a sample of vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes for atomic vapour applications. / Amtmann, Christoph ; Lammegger, Roland ; Betzler, Alexander et al.
In: Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, Vol. 129, No. 2, 31, 02.2023.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Amtmann, C , Lammegger, R , Betzler, A, Agú, M, Ellmeier, M, Hagen, C, Jernej, I, Magnes, W, Pollinger, A & Ernst, WE 2023, 'Experimental and theoretical investigations on the modulation capabilities of a sample of vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes for atomic vapour applications', Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, vol. 129, no. 2, 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-023-07971-7

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title = "Experimental and theoretical investigations on the modulation capabilities of a sample of vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes for atomic vapour applications",

abstract = "This paper discusses various frequency modulation and intensity modulation capabilities within a sample of direct laser current modulated identical vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes. The presented analysis is based on measurements of the spectral amplitudes as a function of the applied modulation power at a constant modulation frequency of 3.517 GHz. Their evaluation by Bessel function fits produces the three modulation parameters: frequency modulation index, intensity modulation index (via the α parameter) and the side band asymmetry of the first order side bands. The variation of the laser diode{\textquoteright}s modulation capability is discussed. It is found that the individual laser diodes show a significant variations in their modulation capabilities. Thus an experimental preselection of the laser diode is required to find laser diodes which are suitable as a light source for atomic vapour applications, with special emphasis on a coherent population trapping-based scalar magnetometers.",

keywords = "Atomic vapour, Direct laser current modulation, Frequency modulation, Intensity modulation, VCSEL, Vertical cavity surface emitting laser",

author = "Christoph Amtmann and Roland Lammegger and Alexander Betzler and Mart{\'i}n Ag{\'u} and Michaela Ellmeier and Christian Hagen and Irmgard Jernej and Werner Magnes and Andreas Pollinger and Ernst, \{Wolfgang E.\}",

note = "Funding Information: Open access funding provided by Graz University of Technology. Funding Information: Open access funding provided by Graz University of Technology. The authors are grateful for the financial support from the Austrian Space Applications Programme (Grant No. 882256) of the Austrian Research Promotion Agency and the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (Grant No. 4000114669). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023, The Author(s).",

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doi = "10.1007/s00340-023-07971-7",

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T1 - Experimental and theoretical investigations on the modulation capabilities of a sample of vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes for atomic vapour applications

AU - Amtmann, Christoph

AU - Lammegger, Roland

AU - Betzler, Alexander

AU - Agú, Martín

AU - Ellmeier, Michaela

AU - Hagen, Christian

AU - Jernej, Irmgard

AU - Magnes, Werner

AU - Pollinger, Andreas

AU - Ernst, Wolfgang E.

N1 - Funding Information: Open access funding provided by Graz University of Technology. Funding Information: Open access funding provided by Graz University of Technology. The authors are grateful for the financial support from the Austrian Space Applications Programme (Grant No. 882256) of the Austrian Research Promotion Agency and the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (Grant No. 4000114669). Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).

PY - 2023/2

Y1 - 2023/2

N2 - This paper discusses various frequency modulation and intensity modulation capabilities within a sample of direct laser current modulated identical vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes. The presented analysis is based on measurements of the spectral amplitudes as a function of the applied modulation power at a constant modulation frequency of 3.517 GHz. Their evaluation by Bessel function fits produces the three modulation parameters: frequency modulation index, intensity modulation index (via the α parameter) and the side band asymmetry of the first order side bands. The variation of the laser diode’s modulation capability is discussed. It is found that the individual laser diodes show a significant variations in their modulation capabilities. Thus an experimental preselection of the laser diode is required to find laser diodes which are suitable as a light source for atomic vapour applications, with special emphasis on a coherent population trapping-based scalar magnetometers.

AB - This paper discusses various frequency modulation and intensity modulation capabilities within a sample of direct laser current modulated identical vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes. The presented analysis is based on measurements of the spectral amplitudes as a function of the applied modulation power at a constant modulation frequency of 3.517 GHz. Their evaluation by Bessel function fits produces the three modulation parameters: frequency modulation index, intensity modulation index (via the α parameter) and the side band asymmetry of the first order side bands. The variation of the laser diode’s modulation capability is discussed. It is found that the individual laser diodes show a significant variations in their modulation capabilities. Thus an experimental preselection of the laser diode is required to find laser diodes which are suitable as a light source for atomic vapour applications, with special emphasis on a coherent population trapping-based scalar magnetometers.

KW - Atomic vapour

KW - Direct laser current modulation

KW - Frequency modulation

KW - Intensity modulation

KW - VCSEL

KW - Vertical cavity surface emitting laser

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85146923075

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DO - 10.1007/s00340-023-07971-7

M3 - Article

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SN - 0946-2171

VL - 129

JO - Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics

JF - Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics

IS - 2

M1 - 31

ER -

Experimental and theoretical investigations on the modulation capabilities of a sample of vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes for atomic vapour applications

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