Advances in remote sensing techniques in engineering geology for infrastructure inspection and site characterization

Remote sensing technologies have significantly transformed engineering geology over the past two decades, enabling efficient data collection for infrastructure inspection and site characterization. Advances in sensor platforms, including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based photogrammetry, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), have led to significant advances in terrain monitoring, rock mass characterization, and geohazard assessment. While these technologies improve data accuracy and accessibility, they also introduce challenges related to data processing and integration. This study discusses the advantages and limitations of active and passive remote sensing methods and emphasizes their role in engineering geological investigations. Based on short case studies, the study emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary approaches to fully exploit remote sensing data in engineering geology, ensuring more reliable and cost-effective infrastructure monitoring and hazard mitigation strategies.