Quantum confinement of molecular deuterium clusters in carbon nanotubes:: Ab initio evidence for hexagonal close packing

An ab initio study of quantum confinement of deuterium clusters in carbon nanotubes is presented. First, density functional theory (DFT)-based symmetry-adapted perturbation theory is used to derive parameters for a pairwise potential model describing the adsorbate-nanotube interaction. Next, we analyze the quantum nuclear motion of N D₂ molecules (N < 4) confined in carbon nanotubes using a highly accurate adsorbate-wave-function-based approach, and compare it with the motion of molecular hydrogen. We further apply an embedding approach and study zero-point energy effects on larger hexagonal and heptagonal structures of 7-8 D₂ molecules. Our results show a preference for crystalline hexagonal close packing hcp of D₂ molecules inside carbon nanotubes even at the cost of a reduced volumetric density within the cylindrical confinement.